Hoc articulum focuses in antimicrobial mechanism of Geminorum surfactants, quae expectata esse efficax in occidere Bacteria et potest providere aliquid auxilium in tarditatem in propagationem novi coronaviruses.
Surfactant, quae est contractio de Phrases superficies, activae et agente. Surfactants sunt substantiae activae superficiebus et interfaces habere summa facultatem et efficientiam in reducendo superficiem (terminus) tensio, formatam mocecularly ordinata coetus in solutiones super quadam concentratio et sic collocatam. Surfactants possidendi bonam dispersibility, widingability, emulsification facultatem et antistatic proprietatibus, et facti clavem materiae pro progressionem multorum agri, comprehendo in agro denique chemicals, et a significant in improving processus, reducing industria, et augendae productio efficientiam. Cum progressionem de societatis et continua progressus mundi industriae gradu, applicationem de surfactants paulatim diffusi a cotidiana-usu chemicals ad variis campis in nationalibus oeconomia, ut antibacterial agentibus, cibum additives et Biopharmaceuticals.
Conventional surfactants sunt "amphiphilic" componit constans ex hydrophilic coetibus et nonpolaris hydrophobic coetibus, et in structuris monstrantur in Figura I (a).
In praesenti, cum progressionem elegantiam et systematization in vestibulum industria, in demanda ad surfactant proprietatibus in productio processum est paulatim augendae, ita est momenti et cum speciali structuris. Inventionis Geminorum surfactants pontes hi hiatus et occurrit requisita industriae productio. A communi Geminorum surfactant est compositis cum duo hydrophilic coetibus (plerumque Ionic vel nonionic cum hydrophilic proprietatibus) et duo hydrophobic alkyl vincula.
Ut ostensum est in Figura I (B), in Contra conventional una-torquem surfactants, Gemini Surfactants Link Duo Hydrophilic coetibus simul per vinculum coetus (spacer). In brevi, in structuram de Geminorum surfactant potest intelligi, ut formatae per ingeniose vinculum duo hydrophilic caput coetibus conventional surfactant una cum a junctura coetus.
Special structuram de Geminorum surfactant ducit ad eius excelsum superficiem operatio, quae maxime debitum ad:
(I) et auctus hydrophobic effectus duorum hydrophobic cauda catenis in Geminorum surfactor moleculo et auctus tendentia de surfactant relinquere aqueous solutio.
(II) Tendence of Hydrophilic caput coetibus ad separandum ab invicem, praesertim Ionic caput debitum ad electrostatic repulsu, substantialiter infirmata a influentia spacer;
(III) De speciali structuram de Geminorum surfactants afficit aggregatio mores in aqueum solutio, dans illis magis universa et variabilis aggregatio Insecta.
Gemini surfactants habere altiorem superficiem (terminus) operatio, minus discrimine micellel concentration, melius wettability, emulsification facultatem et antibacterial facultatem comparari conventional surfactants. Ideo et progressionem et utendo de Geminorum surfactants sunt magni momentum ad progressionem et applicationem ex saltu.
Quod "Amphiphilic structuram" conventional surfactants dat unicum superficiem proprietates. Ut ostensum est in Figura I (c), cum conventional surfactant est additum ad aquam, et hydrophilic caput coetus tendit ad dissolvere intra aqueum solution et hydrophobic coetus inhibits in aqueus et in saltu molat. Sub combined effectus harum duas trends, in surfactant moleculis ditari ad Gas-liquidum interface et subire ordinationem dispositionem, ita redigo superficiem tensio aqua. Dissimilis conventional surfactants, Gemini surfactants sunt "dimers" quod link conventional surfactants simul per spacer coetibus, quae potest reducere superficiem tensio aqua et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquam interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquam interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquam interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquam interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aqua interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquam interfacial tensio aquae et oleum / aquae interfacial tensio est. Insuper, Gemini surfactants habere minus discrimine Micelle concentrations, melior aqua solubility, emulsification, spumans, madefecissem et antibacterial proprietatibus.
| Introductio de Gemini surfactants In MCMXCI, MenTor et Littau [XIII] paravit primo bis-alkyl catenam surfactant cum rigido junctio coetus, et nomine eius "Gemini surfactant." In eodem anno, Zana et al [XIV] paratus a series QUerterary Ammonium sal Geminorum surfactants ad primum et systematice investigavit proprietatibus huius seriem Quadernary Ammonium sal Geminorum Surfactants. MCMXCVI, inquisitores generativus et de quibus superficies (terminus) mores, aggregatio proprietatibus, solution Richard et phase mores diversis geminis surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional surfactants cum composita cum conventional. In MMII, Zana [XV] Investigavit effectus de diversis junctura coetus in aggregationem mores of Gemini surfactants in aqueum solutio, opus est valde progressionem et magnis significationem. Later, Qiu et al [16] invented a new method for the synthesis of Gemini Surfactants containing special structures based on cetyl bromide and 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, which further enriched the way of Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Research in Gemini surfactants in Sina coepi nuper; In MCMXCIX, Jianxi Zhao ex Fuzhou University est Systematica Review de Foreign Research in Gemini surfactants et attracted in operam multorum investigationis institutions in Sinis. Post hoc, in investigationis in Geminorum surfactants in Sina coeperunt ad florere et effectum fructuosa. In annis, inquisitores et devoti se ad progressionem novi geminis surfactants et studio eorum related physicochochemicis proprietatibus. In eodem tempore, in applications de Geminorum surfactants sunt paulatim developed in agros sterilitate et antibacterial, cibum productio, defoaming et spumam inhibition, medicamento tardus release et industriae. Secundum num in Hydrophilic coetibus in surfactur moleculis sunt: et non et genus crimen portant, Geminorum surfactants potest dividitur in sequentibus genera: cationic, anionic, nonionic et amphoteric Gemini surfactants. Among them, cationic Gemini Surfactants generally refer to quaternary ammonium or ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants, anionic Gemini Surfactants mostly refer to Gemini Surfactants whose hydrophilic groups are sulfonic acid, phosphate and carboxylic acid, while nonionic Gemini Surfactants are mostly polyoxyethylene Gemini Surfactants.
1.1 CENTILIS Gemini surfactants
Cations Gemini Surfactants potest dissociate cations in Aqueum solutions, maxime ammonium et Quaternarium Ammonium sal Geminorum surfactants. Cionic Geminorum Surfactants bonum biodegradability, fortis decontamination facultatem firmum eget proprietatibus, humilis toxicity, simplex structuram, facile synthesis, facile separationem et purificationem, facile Synthesis, facile separationem et purificationem, et in proprietatibus antistatic et lenitatem.
Quaterna sal-secundum gemini surfactants plerumque paratus a Tertiariis Amines ab Alkylation reactiones. Sunt duo principalis synthetica modi ut sequitur: Una est ad Quaestise Dibromo-substitutis alkanes et uno longa-torquem alkyl Dimethyl Tertiariis Amines; Alterum est ad Quapicize I-Bromo-substitutum diu-catena alkanes et n, n, n, n, n'-tetramethyl alkyll diamines cum anhydrous ethanol ut solvendo et calefacit refluxus. Autem, Dibromo substitutis alkanes sunt magis pretiosa et communiter synthesized in secundo modum, et reactionem aequationem ostenditur in Figura II.
1.2 Anionic Gemini surfactants
Anionic Gemini surfactants potest dissociate anions in aqueum solutio, maxime sulfonates, sulfate sales, carboxylates et phosphate sales type Gemini surfactants. Anionic surfactants habere meliora proprietatibus ut decontamination, spumans, dispersionem, emulsification et madefecissem, et late ut detergents, spumans agentibus, madefecissem agentia, emulsifiers et dispersos.
Sulfonates 1.2.1
Sulfonate-based biosurfactants have the advantages of good water solubility, good wettability, good temperature and salt resistance, good detergency, and strong dispersing ability, and they are widely used as detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, and dispersants in petroleum, textile industry, and daily-use chemicals because of their relatively wide sources of raw materials, simple production processibus et humilis costs. Li et al synthesized a serie Novum Diallyl Disulfonic Acidum Gemini surfactants (2cn-sct), typical sulfonate-type Baryonic surfactant, usura rudis materiae in tres-step reactionem.
1.2.2 sulfate sales
Sulfate ASTER sales Doublet surfactants habent commoda ultra-humilis superficiem tensio, excelsum superficiem operatio, bonum aqua solubility, wide fontem rudis materiae et relative simplex synthesim. Etiam habet bonum ablutionem perficientur et spumans facultatem, firmum perficientur in durum aqua, et sulfate Esther sales sunt neutrum vel leviter alkaline in Aqueous solutio. As shown in Figure 3, Sun Dong et al used lauric acid and polyethylene glycol as the main raw materials and added sulfate ester bonds through substitution, esterification and addition reactions, thus synthesizing the sulfate ester salt type baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Carboxylic Acidum sales
Carboxylate-based Gemini Surfactants are usually mild, green, easily biodegradable and have a rich source of natural raw materials, high metal chelating properties, good hard water resistance and calcium soap dispersion, good foaming and wetting properties, and are widely used in pharmaceuticals, textiles, fine chemicals and other fields. Introductio de Aide Groups in Carboxylate-fundatur BIOURFACTINTS potest augendae in biodegradability of surfactant moleculis et quoque faciunt ea bona madefecissem, emulsification, dispersionem et decontamination proprietatibus. Mei et al synthesized a carboxylate, secundum Baryonic surfactant CGS-II quibus intersit amide coetus per Dodecylamine, Dibromoethane et succinic anhydride sicut rudis materiae.
1.2.4 PHOSPHATE salts
PHOSPHATE Ester SALD Type Geminorum surfactants habent similes structura naturalis phospholipids et proni ad formare structuras ut vicissim micelles et vesiculae. PHOSPHATE Ester salis type Geminorum surfactants sunt lauandi late usus est ut antistatic agentibus et lauandi detergents, dum eorum summus emulsification proprietatibus et relative humilis in curam in altum. Quidam phosphate esters potest esse anticancer, antiri et antibacterial et dozens medicinae sunt developed. PHOSPHATE Ester sal type biosurfactants habere altus emulsification proprietatibus pro pesticides et potest esse non solum ut antibacterial et insecticides sed etiam ut herbicides. Zheng et al studied in synthesim de PHOSPHATE Ester SALTHI GEMINI surfactants ex p2o5 et ortho, quaqua-fundatur oligomeric Diols, qui habent melius wetting effectus, bonum Antistatic proprietatibus, et relative simplex synthesi processus leni reactionem conditionibus. Molecular formula de kalium phosphate sal Baryonic surfactant est ostensum est in Figura IV.
1.3 non-ionic Geminorum surfactants
Nonionic Geminorum surfactants non dissociantur in Aqueum solution et in mocecular forma. Hoc genus Baryonic surfactant fuerit minus studied tantum, et sunt duo genera, unum est sugar inde et alia est alcohol aether et phenol aether. Nonionic Geminorum surfactants non est in ionicis rei publicae in solution, ita habent princeps stabilitatem, non facile affectus fortis electrolytes, non est bonum complexability cum alia genera surfactants, et bonum solubility. Ideo nonionic surfactants habent variis proprietatibus ut bonum determinatam, dispersibility, emulsification, spumans, widely, antistatic res et sterilitate, et potest esse late in variis aspectus ut pesticides et coatings. Ut ostensum est in Figura V, in MMIV, Fitzgerald et al synthesized Polyoxyethylene secundum Gemini surfactants (nonionic surfactants), cuius structuram (Ch2ch2o) MH) II (Ch2) VI (vel Gemnem).
II physicochymphalicis proprietatibus Geminorum surfactants
2.1 Activity of Gemini surfactants
Simplicissima et maxime directe via ad aestimandas superficiem operatio de surfactants est ut metiretur superficiem tensio suae aqueum solutions. In principle, surfactiis reducere superficiem tensio of a solutio per orientatur Ordinatio in superficiem (terminus) planum (figure I (c)). In discrimine Micellel concentration (CMC) De Gemini Surfactants est plus quam duo ordines magnitudinis minor et C20 valorem est significantly minus comparari conventional surfactants cum similibus structuris. Et Baryonic Surfactant Molecule habet duas Hydrophilic coetibus, quod auxilium illud ponere bonum aqua solubility dum habens diu hydrophobic longo catenis. In aqua / Air interface, conventional surfactiis sunt laxe disposita ex spatio site resistentia effectus et repulsionem homogenea criminibus in moleculis, ita debilitavit eorum facultatem ad redigendum superficiem tensio aqua. Contra, vinculum coetibus Geminorum surfactants sunt covalently bonded ut distantiam inter duas hydrophilic coetibus tenetur intra parva range (multo minus quam distantia inter hydrophilic coetibus conventional surfactants inter superficiei (terminus).
2.2 ecclesiam structuram de Geminorum surfactants
In aqueum solutions, sicut concentration of Baryonic surfactant augetur, eius moleculis saturate superficies solution, quae rursus ad alium moleculis migrare ad interiorem solutionem formare micelles. Et concentration in quo in surfactant incipit formare micelles dicitur discrimine Micellel concentration (CMC). As shown in Figure 9, after the concentration is greater than CMC, unlike conventional surfactants that aggregate to form spherical micelles, Gemini Surfactants produce a variety of micelle morphologies, such as linear and bilayer structures, because of their structural characteristics. Differentias in Micellele magnitudine, figura et hydratationis habent recta impulsum in tempus mores et rhematicis proprietatibus solutionis, et quoque ducere ad mutationes in solution vlocelelasticitas. Conventional surfactants, ut anionic surfactants (SDS), plerumque formare sphæical micelles, quae habent fere effectum in viscosity solution. Tamen specialem structuram de Geminorum surfactants ducit ad formationem magis universa Micelle Insecta et proprietatibus eorum aqueum solutiones differunt significantly ex illis conventional surfactants. Viscositas aqueum solutions of Geminorum surfactants augendae concentratio de Geminorum surfactants, probabiliter quia formata linearibus micelles intendit in a telam, sicut structuram. Tamen, in viscositas solutionis decrescit cum augendae surfactant concentration, probabiliter ex disruptione de Web structuram et formationem aliis Micelle structuris.
III Antimicrobial proprietatibus Gemini surfactants
Sicut quaedam organicum antimicrobial agente, in antimicrobial mechanism Baryonic surfactant est maxime quod combines cum anions in cellulam membrana superficiem microorganisms et reagit in sulfhydryl coetibus ad perturbare ad productionem eorum proteins et inhibere vel occidere microbial et inhibere aut microorganisms.
3,1 Antimicrobial proprietatibus anionic Gemini surfactants
Antimicrobial proprietatibus antimicrobial anionic surfactants maxime determinari natura antimicrobial moeties portant. In colloidal solutiones tales naturales laterexes et coatings, hydrophilic vincula ligavit aquam solutum dispersiones et hydrophobic vincula ligaverit Hydrophobic dispersiones directional adsorption, ita transfigens duo-tempus interface in densa Molecular interfacialem amet. Et bacterial inhibitory coetibus in hoc densa tutela iacuit inhibere in incrementum Bacteria.
In mechanism Bacterial inhibitionis de anionic surfactants est fundamentaliter differt ab eo de cationic surfactants. Et bacterial inhibitionis de anionic surfactants est ad eorum solutionem ratio et inhibitionis coetus, ita hoc genus surfactant potest esse limited. Hoc genus surfactant est praesens sufficiens campester ut in surfactant praesens in omni angulo systematis ad producendum bonum microbicidal effectus. Simul genus surfactant caret localization et targeting, quae non solum necesse vastum, sed etiam resistentia longo tempore.
Ut per exemplum, alkyl sulfonate-fundatur biosurfactants sunt in orci medicina. Alkyl sulfonates, ut Busulfan et Treosulfan, maxime tractare myeloprolirative morbis, agens ad producendum crucem-vinculum inter Guanine et Ureapurine, cum hoc mutatio non reparari per cellular proofreading, unde in cellular cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular in cellular, unde in cellular et in cellular proofreading, unde in cellular ad mortem.
3,2 Antimicrobial proprietatibus CIFICUS Gemini surfactants
Pelagus genus cationic Geminorum Surfactants developed est Quaternary Ammonium sal type Geminorum surfactants. Quanterry Ammonium genus cationic Geminorum surfactants habere fortis bactericidal effectus, quod sunt duo Hydrophobic longum alkane vincula in Quata est Ammonium Type Baryonic SURFACTANT et Hydrophobic catenis (Peptidoglycan adsorption cum in cell (peptidoglycan); In eodem tempore, quod continent duo positive præcepit NITROGENIUM ions, quod promovere adsorption of surfactant moleculis ad superficiem negative præcepit Bacteria, et per penetrare et in bacteria in cellula lipidos penetrare et in bacterialem membranam, ducens ad bacteria in celle, ducens ad Rampture de Bacteria, praeter Hydrophilic coetibus profunda in dapibus, ducens ad damnum de enzyme operatio et dapibus denaturation, debitum ad combined effectus ex his duo effectus, faciens fungicide habet fortis bactericidal effectus.
Sed ex parte environmental, hi surfactants habent hemolytic operatio et cytotoxicity, et iam contactus tempore cum aquatilos organizati et biodegradation potest crescere eorum toxicity.
3.3 antibacterial proprietatibus nonionic gemini surfactants
Sunt currently duo genera nonionic gemini surfactants, una est sugar inde et alterum est alcohol aether et phenol.
Et antibacterial mechanism of sugar, derived biosurfactants fundatur in affinitate moleculis et saccharo-derived surfactants potest ligare ad cellulam membranas, quae continent numerus phospholipids. Cum concentration de sugar derivata surfactants attingit certum gradu, mutat permeability celle membranam, formatam poris et Ion alveos, quae afficit ad onerariam nutrimentum et felis commutationem, causando ad Outflow de contentis et eventually ad mortem in Bactery.
Et antibacterial mechanism of phenolic et alcoholic et antimicrobial agentibus est agere in cellula murum aut cellulam membrana et enzymes, claudebant metabolicae munera et disrupting regenerativa munera. For example, antimicrobial drugs of diphenyl ethers and their derivatives (phenols) are immersed in bacterial or viral cells and act through the cell wall and cell membrane, inhibiting the action and function of enzymes related to the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, limiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Etiam paralyzes metabolicae et respiratorii functiones enzymes in bacteria, quae deficient.
3,4 antibacterial proprietatibus amphoteric Gemini surfactants
Amphoteric Gemini surfactants sunt classis de surfactants quod habent utraque cation et anions in eorum molecular structuram, potest ionize in Aqueous solution, et exhibeant proprietatibus anionic in unum medium conditionis et cationic saltu. Mechanism Bacterial inhibitionis amphoteric surfactants est concludunt, sed plerumque credendum quod inhibitionis potest esse similes, ut de quaternarium ammonium surfactants, ubi surfactant est facile adsorbed in negative Metabolismi.
3.4.1 Antimicrobial proprietatibus amino acidum Gemini surfactants
Amino acid type Baryonic surfactant est a cationic amphoteric Baryonic surfactant composito ex duobus amino acida, ita et antimicrobial mechanism est similior ad quod QUerterary Ammonium sal genus genus Baryonic surfactant. Et positive præcepit pars in surfactant est attrahitur ad negative præcepit parte bacterial et viral superficiei debitum ad electrostatic commercio, et deinde ad Hydrophobic vincula ligare ad lipidos bilayer, ducens ad effluxum cellula et lysis usque ad mortem. It has significant advantages over quaternary ammonium-based Gemini Surfactants: easy biodegradability, low hemolytic activity, and low toxicity, so it is being developed for its application and its field of application is being expanded.
3.4.2 antibacterial proprietatibus non-amino acidum type Gemini surfactants
Et non-amino acidum type amphoteric Geminorum surfactants habere superficiem activae mocecular residua continentur et non-ionizable positivum et negans causam centers. Et pelagus non-amino acidum type Geminorum surfactants sunt Betaine, imidazoline, et amine cadmiae. Taking betaine type as an example, betaine-type amphoteric surfactants have both anionic and cationic groups in their molecules, which are not easily affected by inorganic salts and have surfactant effects in both acidic and alkaline solutions, and the antimicrobial mechanism of cationic Gemini Surfactants is followed in acidic solutions and that of anionic Gemini Surfactants in Alkaline solutions. Etiam habet optimum compositionem perficientur cum alia genera surfactants.
IV conclusio et Outlook
Gemini surfactants sunt magis magisque in vita propter eorum speciali structuram et late in agris antibacterial sterilitate, cibum productio, defoaming et spumam inhibition, medicamento tardus release et industriae purgationem. Cum augendae demanda pro viridi environment praesidio, gemini surfactants sunt paulatim developed in environmentally amica et multifunctional surfactants. Future Research in Gemini surfactants potest ferri ex in sequentibus facies: developing novum gemini surfactants cum speciali structurae et munera, praesertim confirmans investigationis in antibacterial et antibacterial; componendi cum communi surfactants vel additives ad formare products cum melius perficientur; Et per cheap et facile praesto rudis materiae ad synthesize environmentally amica Geminorum surfactants.
Post tempus: Mar-25-2022